Social Problems and Issues in Pakistan - 2776 Words

Ethnic Pressures Pakistans 180 million people are divided into five main ethnic groups: Punjabi (44.7 percent), Pashtun (15.4 percent), Sindhi (14.1 percent), Muhajirs (7.6 percent), and Balochi (3.6 percent).The country is divided into four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly known as North-West Frontier Province, or NWFP). In addition, there are the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), Pakistan-administered Kashmir, and Gilgit-Baltistan. Historically, the dominant role played by Punjab, which is home to over 55 percent of the population and provides the bulk of the army and bureaucracy, has caused much resentment among the other three provinces. There had been little support for the†¦show more content†¦Today, as population pressures mount, a surging youth population is expected to test leaders ability to provide for their people while ushering in needed reforms (roughly 58 percent of Pakistans population is under twenty-four, acc ording to the UN Population Division). High illiteracy rates, poor access to education and healthcare, and widening gender and socioeconomic gaps are expected to add to the states challenges, while fueling the narrative of militant groups seeking to use public disenfranchisement as broader recruiting tools. According to the United Nations, more than 60 percent of Pakistanis live on less than $2 a day, making Pakistan one of the worlds poorest states. Social Indicators Health Life Expectancy at Birth: 67 [Source: World Bank, 2008] Education (Literacy rate by gender) Adult Female Literacy Rate: 40 Adult Male Literacy Rate: 66. Adult Male Literacy Rate: 66.8 [Source: UNESCO, 2008] Poverty Percentage of Pakistanis living below $2/day: 60.3 [Source: UN Human Development Report, 2007] Although Pakistan is governed by a parliamentary form of civilian representation, the countrys strongest institutions have long been its army and primary intelligence service, the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). The constant tug between a powerful army and a weak civilian government has impeded social development, as military rulers have frequently put more resources toward guardingShow MoreRelatedPolitical Stability1116 Words   |  5 Pages Review of Political Instability Summary: Political instability has become a huge and serious problem for both developing and underdeveloped countries. Pakistan is also in one of these countries which is facing the problem of political instability. The instability of government, inefficiency of political parties and a weak political culture make Pakistan a politically instable state. Political stability is important for keeping the society integrated, maintaining legitimacyRead MoreGender Discrimination Of Women In Pakistan879 Words   |  4 Pagesand do not allow women to feel empowered in their community. In Pakistan, gender disparity is a great issue as women make up 59 percent of the 160 million population. Although women make up more than half of the Pakistani population, celebration of women is rarely seen due to sex discrimination. Ancient traditions and social norms are firm in the Pakistani culture, causing women to be treated as subordinates to men. Women in Pakistan are deprived of proper placement in society, but with the assistanceRead MoreOrganisation Behavier1054 Words   |  5 Pagesphilanthropists and other means such as Zakat. In essence, Islamic identity has been the motivating factor for generating the resources for programmes to help Muslims rather than employee motivation. Challenges After the earthquake of 2005 in Pakistan, it faced, like many other humanitarian organisations, two types of challenges. One was how to retain the existing staff because of changes in the job market; many relief organisations were offering high salaries on a short term basis which disturbedRead MoreEducation Is A Necessity For Humanity1507 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessity in Pakistan. It is predominantly appreciated by females. Pakistanis believe that education has the potential to give a typical human being the intellect on how to overcome obstacles in life. Unfortunately, this cannot happen, especially to females. Lack of education for women, primarily caused by social obligations and social beliefs, is having a global impact by making Pakistan have a poor education system in comparison to other countries. Background Information Pakistan is known primarilyRead MorePakist Child Health And Mortality1658 Words   |  7 Pages04/28/15 Global Health Country Report Pakistan: Child Health and Mortality Introduction Since it’s separation from India in 1947, Pakistan steadily grew to a country with a population of about 184.35 million people in 2013, making it the sixth most populous country in the world (â€Å"About Pakistan†). Pakistan is broken into four provinces: Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (â€Å"About Pakistan†). Its capital is the city of Islamabad. While Pakistan has taken many steps to improve the stateRead MoreDefinition Of The Drug Addiction Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesis an irresistible craving to continue taking a drug/chemical/medicine to which one has become habitual through frequent consumption because it produces a specific effect, usually modification of mental condition Nowadays Drug addiction is a big problem in society. It is quickly increasing day by day. We want to determine the factors identification of drug addiction in youngsters in DIK. Here youngsters age between 10 to 18 years. Why do take drug youngsters 1. Now a day’s life has become so busyRead MorePakistan Energy Outlook1747 Words   |  7 PagesPakistan Energy Outlook (2010/11 to 2025/26) Executive Summary Pakistan’s energy sector is in a state of crisis and over the past few years has negatively impacted the social and economic development of the country. Primary energy consumption in Pakistan has grown by almost 80% over the past 15 years, from 34 million tons oil equivalent (TOEs) in 1994/95 to 61 million TOEs in 2009/10 and has supported an average GDP growth rate in the country of about 4.5% per annum. However since 2006/07Read MoreImpact Of Internet Addiction On Pakistan Youth1117 Words   |  5 PagesIMPACT OF INTERNET ADDICTION ON PAKISTAN YOUTH INTRODUCTION: The internet has become the most convenient source of information and entertainment. In Pakistan more than 200,000 people out of 14 billion are paying for internet. Pakistan belongs to a Muslim society much conservative society , internet addiction is significant in youth. These addictions take a 360’ rotation in Pakistanis youth life styles. In Pakistan most people use to consume their spare time by watching obscene material [A-1] YouthRead MoreGood Governance in Pakistan1667 Words   |  7 PagesGood Governance in Pakistan. OUTLINES: 1. Introduction 2. Definition of Governance 3. Governance in Pakistan. 4. Failures of Governance in Pakistan 5. Causes of failures: 1. Political commotion 2. No democratic setup 3. Military intrusion 4. Feudal indulgence 5. Massive Corruption 6. Constitutional crises 7. Institutional clashes 8. Mismanagement of resources 9. Lack of Accountability 10. Over Exploitation of funds 11. Restrictions on media 12. Ethnic conflicts 13. Secterianism 14. Extremism 6 EssentialsRead MoreNike: Cross-Cultural Perspective889 Words   |  4 Pagescountries such as Pakistan, Taiwan, China, South Korea and Vietnam (Teather, 2005). This company views this cheap labor availability to be quite beneficial when it comes to the fulfillment of the needs of the customers while maintaining low production costs. The media has highlighted some of the malpractices that global companies such as Nike have bee part of. The paper will look at the cultural issue within Nike .it will also look at the social and ethical responsibility issues which Nike must deal

The New Jim Crow Essay - 1052 Words

In today’s modern world, many people would be surprised to find out that there is still a racial caste system in America. After witnessing the election of a black president, people have started believing that America has entered a post-racial society. This is both a patently false and dangerous mindset. The segregation and stigma of race is still very much alive in our society. Instead of a formalized institution such as slavery or Jim Crow, America has found a new way to continue the marginalization of blacks by using the criminal justice system. In Michelle Alexander’s book â€Å" The New Jim Crow†, she shows how America’s â€Å" War on Drugs â€Å" has become a tool of racial segregation and how the discretionary enforcement of drug laws has†¦show more content†¦After getting the public support for his campaign, America saw an unprecedented rise in its incarceration rate, particularly among African Americans. The â€Å" War on Drugs † has had a disparate impact on the black community even though blacks and whites use drugs at approximately the same levels. This is achieved through a myriad of formal and informal practices. African-Americans are targeted and prosecuted at a much higher rate even though they are not statistically any likelier to abuse or sell drugs than the white population. The police have had a major role in how the effects of the drug war have been mostly concentrated in the black community. A major reason for this is because of the very nature of drug law enforcement. Normal crime involves an injured party or witness that reports it and asks for police action. In drug crime, both the buyer and seller have no interest in reporting the criminal activity and it is the responsibility of the police to actively search for violators. This allows police the discretionary power to decide in which communities they will search for drug activity and who they will apprehend. Even though the rates of dru g abuse are similar in both the black and white communities, police have targeted black communities almost exclusively in their drug control efforts. The federal government has incentivized the drug related activities of local law enforcement through the disbursement of federal grants. TheShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow1185 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Jim Crow The New Jim Crow is a book that gives a look on how discrimination is still and at some post more prevalent today than it was in the 1850s. Author Michelle Alexander dives into the justice system and explains how a lot of practices and beliefs from slavery times are just labeled differently now. The labeling creates legal discrimination, but most people over look it because it is hidden with words such as â€Å"criminals† or â€Å"felon† in order to legally enslave and segregate a certainRead MoreThe New Jim Crow?919 Words   |  4 PagesAlexander, the author of The New Jim Crow, did not see the prison systems as racially motivated until doing further research. After researching the issue, Alexander found the prison system was a way to oppress African Americans and wrote the novel The New Jim Crow. The New Jim Crow follows the history of the racial caste system and in the novel Alexander comes to the conclusion that the mass incarceration of African American is the New Jim Crow, or in other words a new system of black oppression.Read MoreThe New Jim Crow1697 Words   |  7 PagesVictor Ferreira The New Jim Crow Chapter 2 Incarceration rates in the United States have exploded due to the convictions for drug offenses. Today there are half a million in prison or jail due to a drug offense, while in 1980 there were only 41,100. They have tripled since 1980. The war on drugs has contributed the most to the systematic mass incarceration of people of color, most of them African-Americans. The drug war is aimed to catch the big-time dealers, but the majority of the peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of New Jim Crow 1364 Words   |  6 PagesMoreover, the facts that Alexander present in The New Jim Crow clashed with my view of the world in that although I appreciated the facts presented as the reality of what goes on in the world, it showed me that the through the laws enacted and through institutions, the society plays a role in creating and perpetuating the new caste system. This is evident when Alexander (2012) explains that the social racial control not only manifests itself through the justice system but also in the structureRead MoreConsequences Of The New Jim Crow866 Words   |  4 PagesLane The New Jim Crow 11/3/17 Please answer each essay in approximately 450 to 500 words. 1. The Old Jim Crow was color-minded. The New Jim Crow claims itself as colorblinded. Show how the New Jim Crow is color-minded and leads to greater unjust consequences. Include in your answer how the New Jim Crow is more dangerous than the Old Jim Crow. In The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, author Michelle Alexander claims that the new racial caste system (New Jim Crow) in theRead MoreThe Breakdown Of The New Jim Crow Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesThe Breakdown of The New Jim Crow Some say that nothing is ever truly brought to an end and that everything that once was will be again. That seems to be the case when discussing Michelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow, a nonfiction book that argues that Jim Crow has reemerged in the mass incarceration of black people in America. Originally, the name for this era we know as Jim Crow was inspired by a racist character played by Thomas Dartmouth Daddy Rice. During the 1800s, Rice would dressRead MoreSummary Of The New Jim Crow1742 Words   |  7 PagesWorks Cited Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010. 261 Pages â€Å"The New Jim Crow† Summary â€Å"The New Jim Crow† was written by Michelle Alexander based off of her experience working for the ACLU of Oakland in which she saw racial bias in the justice system that constituted people of color second-class citizens (Alexander 3); which is why the comparison had been made to the Jim Crow laws that existed in the nineteenth centuryRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : Incarceration1470 Words   |  6 PagesMichelle Alexander is a highly celebrated civil rights lawyer, advocate, and legal scholar. In her book, The New Jim Crow: Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness, Alexander discusses the legal systems that seem to be doing their jobs perfectly well but have in fact just replaced one racial caste system with a new one. Cornel West called her book the â€Å"Secular Bible of a new social movement.† In 2011, the NAACP gave her book the image award for best Nonfiction. In this book, she focuses on racialRead MoreThe New Jim Crow And Lockdown849 Words   |  4 Pagesindi viduals to have a fair amount of both privileges and disadvantages due our biased society. The second chapter of Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow, Lockdown, offers insight into the injustice that can occur to people of color when being searched by police officers under the guise of random searches. Comparable texts to Alexander’s â€Å"Lockdown† in The New Jim Crow are Allan G. Johnson’s Privilege, Power, and Difference and Michael Omi and Howard Winant’s Racial Formations which discuss in detail bothRead MoreThe New Jim Crow Laws1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn the book the New Jim Crow Laws there is racial discrimination on the African American people in the American society. What is racial discrimination? It is refusing somebody based on race. In the United States we have been racial discriminate on the African American people and that is what cause the south and north to go civil wat was because slavery and racism that existed and even stil l to this day. In the south the black were less and treated unequal to them historically even today were are

Supply And Demand Of Olive Oil In Australiaâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Supply And Demand Of Olive Oil In Australia? Answer: Introducation: In order to figure out the price of a necessary commodity, the status of demand and supply of the resource can be identified as one of the crucial determining concepts. In the meanwhile, there are various factors to be taken into account that has affected the supply and demand side (Adil, 2016). Precisely, increase in demand can contribute to an incline in the price of a commodity in a free marketing where supply is constant. Similarly, a shortage in supply can lift the prices as well (Taylor, Stonebarger and Leven, 2015). In this particular study, the article by Erickson (2017) has been explained containing the demand and supply side status of olive oil in the Australian market. According to the article, due to the shortage in supply of olive oil at the international market, the price of the commodity can jack up around the world. Apart from the demand shortage, soaring demand from the Chinese economy has added excess fuel to the rise in the price of olive oil. In this study, it has been clearly discussed how the shortage in supply and growth in demand have contributed towards the price surge of olive oil in Australia as well as around the other international markets (Erickson, 2017). Also, the impact of price rise has been a significant challenge for the olive oil consumers as the olive oil lovers have to pay much higher price for the commodity. Australia can be identified as the second largest consumer Management of olive oil in terms of per capita consumption right behind the Mediterranean (Erickson, 2017). Evidently, the country has consumed the double amount of olive oil annually that it has produced domestically. Olive oil is majorly used in the restaurants due to low presence of fat. Recently, erratic weather conditions in the major olive producing countries such as Spain, Italy, and Greece have discouraged the production of the commodity. Due to decimate crops, the shortage of the commodity has been created. Apart from that, the growing costs of production have downcast the global production of olive oil (Herbert, 2016). Additionally, the consumption of Olive oil has increased in the Chinese market, which has emerged to a major problem for the global olive oil producers. For instance, the people of China consume around AU$260 million worth of olive oil and 99 percent of the product is imported from other major olive oil producing markets. According to experts, the production of olive oil is set to decline by eight percent globally. With increase in demand and shortage of supply, the price of olive oil is drastically increasing in the global market. For example, the price of olive oil has increased by 30 percent in Italy and around 10 percent in Spain. Buyers have stated that the price of olive oil has been up by 13 percent at $8.44 per litre in the global market (Erickson, 2017). In the Australian market, most of the olive oil demand has been met from the external markets. Hence, the rise of the price in the global market can create a massive impact on the importers as well as the domestic consumers. On the basis of the demand and supply theory, it can be seen that the rise in the demand for olive oil can be evident in every part of the world including Australia due to the lesser amount of fat present in the oil. On the other hand, the fall in the supply causing due to unpleasant weather and increase in fruit flies and bacteria. Hence, it can be seen that the increase in the quantity demanded is relatively lesser than the decrease in the quantity supplied (Kolberg, 2008). Hence, a tremendous hike in the price of olive oil can be evident in the global as well as in the Australian market. A figure has been presented with detailed explanation herein below: Figure: Demand and Supply of Olive Oil Source: (Forstater, 2017) By considering the above diagram, it can be seen that an increase in demand has resulted in a shift in the demand curve from D to D1. On the other hand, the fall in the quantity supplied due to unpleasant weather and atmosphere has resulted in a leftward shift in the supply curve from S to S1 (Bochet et al., 2012). However, it is important to note that the shift in the supply curve is more as compared to the shift in the demand curve (Forstater, 2017). Furthermore, the equilibrium point also shifts from E to E1 resulting in a fall in the quantity consumed from Q to Q1 and hike in the price of olive oil from P to P1. On the basis of the above discussion, it is important for the Australian Government to note that the rise in the demand and fall in the supply for Olive Oil will result in an increase in the global price that will further impact the price of the commodity in the domestic market. Hence, the government must introduced necessary policy reforms in order to increase the production of Olive oil in the Australian market (Setterfield, 2013). For instance, the government can provide subsidies and low rate credits to the olive oil farmers to increase their production. It will further help the economy to meet its growing demand for Olive oil and be safe from the rising price of the commodity in the global market. From the above analysis, it can be stated that shortage of olive oil around the globe due to poor weather conditions has been identified as the major influencing factor of the price of the commodity. According to the research of the article, the worst scenario is yet to come as the shortage of olive oil can increase in the upcoming year. However, apart from the shortage, an increase in the demand for olive oil from the major importers such as China has pushed the prices further up. Notably, the Chinese consumers are consuming olive oil estimated worth of US$ 200 million every year. The rise in demand and shortage of the commodity; both have supported the price hike of olive oil in Australia and around the globe. Hence, the Australian Government must introduce some necessary policy reforms to mitigate the issue of rising price of Olive Oil. References Adil, J. (2016).Supply and demand. 3rd ed. Mankato, Minn.: Capstone Press. Bochet, O., ?lk?l?, R., Moulin, H. and Sethuraman, J. (2012). Balancing supply and demand under bilateral constraints. Theoretical Economics, 7(3), pp.395-423. Erickson, A. (2017).We're about to suffer a worldwide olive oil shortage. [online] The Sydney Morning Herald. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/world-business/were-about-to-suffer-a-worldwide-olive-oil-shortage-20170216-guezrk.html [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Forstater, M. (2017).Economics. 3rd ed. London: A. C. Black. Herbert, L. (2016).Why pay double for the same sized bottle of extra virgin olive oil?. [online] ABC Rural. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2016-03-22/how-is-extra-virgin-olive-oil-made/7263186 [Accessed Aug. 2017]. Kolberg, W. (2008). When Firm-Level Demand with Price Competition and Inverse Demand with Quantity Competition Coincide.SSRN Electronic Journal. Setterfield, M. (2013). Supply and Demand in the Theory of Long-run Growth: Introduction to a symposium on demand-led growth.Review of Political Economy, 15(1), pp.23-32. Taylor, T., Stonebarger, T. and Leven, J. (2015). Economics. 3rd ed. Chantilly, VA: Teaching Co.

Notes on Open System Theory free essay sample

Location and identification a. How do we know if it is an organization? What the characteristics are? What they value? b. Popular names exist which help represent stereotypes about the organizations (i. e. psychological nature, role structure, and boundaries) i. Names help identifying area of behavior 2. Organization is understand as the columniation of purposes of important members a. It takes time to implement these purposes 3. Primary mission of an organization is to provide a set of distinct clues about mission of organization. However, the stated mission is not always true; rather it can be misleading. Equate the purpose (goals) of organizations with the purposes of individuals working there 4. Organizations are social devices for groups to efficiently accomplish a articulated purpose a. BUT, the design of organization is typically decided by the founder not group members i. It is not always easy to find out the founder or the biggest contributors to organization ii. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Open System Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Stated important features may not be in reality whereas seemingly small aspects of the organization may dominate. Merton- Unanticipated consequences Katz + Kahn suggest starting with concepts that do not look at what the  designers were looking at (and then working backwards) but rather beginning with the input, output, and functioning of an organization as a system. 1. Theoretical model: energic input-output system wherein the energic output restarts the system a. Open system model (as taken from Open systems theory- von Bertalanffy) i. Input of energy and the conversion of output into additional output by means of a connection between the organization and environment b. All social systems has patterned activities which are connected with an output i. Can be examined in relation to energic input, transformation of energies in system, and resulting product (output) Organizations differ on source of energy renewal 1. Outputs are most commonly money and new energy 2. money is a product not generally the purpose of an organization 3. alternatively, some organizations do not depend on selling/buying cycle such as universities a. depend on gifts, legislations, and bequests instead  personality is dependent upon external world for stimulation- deprivation can lead to disorganization Open systems transform the energy in the system in ways that benefit the system and allows work to be done. Open systems export products into the environment (products are created) Cyclical energy exchange – many small cycles can make up large ones Energy reinforcing the cycle of activities can come from exchange of product in world or from the activity of the cycle The problem of structure can be observed in the arrangement of units ? Structure can be found in an interrelated set of events  which return upon themselves to complete/renew cycles Activities promote unity in the closure of the cycle—the chain of events Open systems must acquire negative entropy All forms of organization move towards disorganization 6. Information Input, Native Feedback, and the Coding Process ? ? 7. The Steady State and Dynamic Homeostasis ? ? ? ? 8. Differentiation ? 9. Equifinality ? o By importing more energy from its environment then using the system can store up energy for unproductive times ? Systems maximize profits while they canseeking to improve position by increasing profit margin The inputs into living systems consist of energic materials which are altered in the cyclical process o Inputs also help create character of organization Negative Feedback- enables the system to correct deviations from course (simplest) o If there is no corrective device, too much energy will be expended and system will stop working Selective energic inputting- only react when attuned Adding energy to stop entropy occurs to create consistency so that organizations are stable o No true equilibrium; rather a continuous cycle of energy from environment/system without changing  the character of the system o React to changes and assimilate them without creating mass system change o In preserving the character of system the structure will import more energy than required Most common type of growth is multiplication of same type of cycles- change in quantity Qualitative change can occur: supportive subsystems to develop and where quantitative changes cause qualitative changes Open systems move in the direction of differentiation and elaboration (growth) o â€Å"Progressive mechanization- interaction of various dynamic forces which entails use of regulatory feedback† (282) Systems can reach the same end product by multiple paths Consequences of Using Open Systems Model 1. Failure to recognize that organizations are dependent upon inputs on the environments and that human energy is not constant a. Organizational theory focus on principles of internal functioning—but environment has a huge effect on changes and motivation b. Environmental factor is not considered – failure to recognize the equifinality portion 2. Irregularities in functioning of system due to environmental differences – assumption that they can be controlled and thus are not true influences.

Rural Marketing free essay sample

Rural marketing is promotion of a company’s products in the rural markets by using strategies which differ from that of the urban market. The rural market is more price-sensitive. Nature of Rural market:- 1. Large, diverse and scattered market:- Rural marketing in India is large and scattered into a number of regions. There are not many shops available to market products. 2. Major income of rural consumers is from agriculture:- Rural prosperity is interlinked with agricultural prosperity. In the event of crop failure, rural income is directly affected. 3. Traditional outlook:- Villages develop slowly and have a traditional outlook. Change is a continuous process but rural people accept it gradually. This is changing but it is changing, although slowly, due to literacy especially in the youth who have begun to change the outlook in the villages. 4. Standard of living and rising disposable income of the rural customers:- It is known that majority of the rural population lives below the poverty line and has low literacy rate, low savings etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Rural Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Today, rural customers spend money to get value and are aware of the happenings around them. . Rising literary levels:- It is a well documented fact that approximately 45% of rural Indians are literate. Awareness has increased and farmers are well informed about the world around them. They are also educating themselves on the new technology for a better life style. 6. Diverse socio economic background:- Due to differences in geographical areas and uneven land fertility, rural people have different socio- economic backgrounds, which ultimately affect the rural markets. 7. Infrastructure facilities:- Infrastructure facilities like warehouses, communications systems and financial facilities are inadequate in rural areas. Physical distribution is a challenge to marketers who have found innovative ways to market their products. Scope of marketing:- 1. Large population:- According to the 2011 census, 72% of the total population is rural population and it is scattered over a wide range of geographic area. 2. Rising rural prosperity:- Average income level has improved due to modern farming practices, contract farming, industrialization, migration to urban areas etc. . Growth in consumption:- There is a growth in purchasing power of rural consumers. The average per capita house hold expenditure is Rs. 382. 4. Change in lifestyle:- The Lifestyle of rural consumers has changed considerably. 5. Market growth rate higher than urban:- The growth rate of fast moving consumer goods [FMCG] market and durable market is high in rural areas. The rural market share is more than 50% for products lik e cooking oil, hair oil etc. 6. Life cycle advantage:- The products which have attained the stage of maturity in the urban market are still on their stage of growth in the rural market. 7. Rural marketing is not expensive:- Promotion of consumer durables inside a rural market, it costs Rs 1 crore whereas in urban areas it runs into millions. What is rural market? Importance of rural marketing ? Ans:Meaning of rural market:- On account of the green revolution, rural areas are consuming a large quality of industrial and urban manufactured products. In this context a special arketing strategy namely rural marketing has emerged. But often, rural marketing is confused with agricultural marketing – The latter denotes marketing of produce of rural areas to the urban consumers or industrial consumers, whereas rural marketing involves delivering manufactured or processed inputs or services to rural producers or consumers. Importance of rural market:- 1. Large market:- Approximately 75% of India’s population resides in around 6, 38,3 65 villages of India spread over 32,00,000 Sq. kilometer. 41% of India’s middle class resides in rural areas. The Indian rural consumer lives in 6,00,000 villages spread across the country and they account for over 70% of population of the country. For several product categories, rural markets account for over 60% of the national demand. 2. Higher purchasing capacity:- According to a study conducted by â€Å"NCAER† [National Council for Applied Economic Research], there are as many middle income households in the rural areas as there are in the urban areas. There are almost twice as many lower middle income households in rural areas as there are in the urban areas. Because of this purchasing power of power of rural people is on the rise. 3. Market growth:- â€Å"Hariyali kissan bajar† was set up by Sri Ram Consolidated Limited to facilitate scale of agriculture inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides farming equipment, seeds etc. Shakti- through the state governments and NGOs involved in microfinance women entrepreneurs in villages are identified to act as local distribution and sales point for HUL products. 4. ITC:- ITC’s internet enabled rural interface to help scale of agricultural outputs is presently operational in the markets of 6 states and is growing at the rate of 3-4% p. . Define size of rural market and discuss? Ans: According to the census of India, areas that would qualify as being rural must have clear surveyed boundaries without a municipality, corporation or board, and with density of population not more than 400 Sq. km and with at least 75% of the male working population engaged in agricultural activities. Accordin g to this definition there are 6,38,000 villages in the country. Of these villages, 0. 5% have a population of about 10,000 and 2% have a population between 5,000 and 10,000 around 50% have a population which is less than 200. Interestingly, the FMCG and consumer durable companies, any territory that has more than 20,000 amp; 50,000 population respectively do not qualify as being a rural market! According to the census of India 2001, there are more than 4000 towns in the country. It has classified them into 6 categories. Around 400 class-I to towns with 1,00,000 and above population, 498 class-II towns with 50,000-99,999 population, 1,368 class-III towns with 20,000-50,000 population, 1,560 class –IV towns with 10,000-19,999 population It is mainly the class-II amp; class-III towns that markets term as rural. Demographical details of Indian rural market †¢ About 285 million people live in urban India where as 742 million people reside in rural areas. †¢ The No. of middle income amp; high income households in rural India is expected to grow from 46 million to 59 million. †¢ Size of rural market is estimated to be 42 million households and the rural market has been growing at 5 times the rate of the urban market. †¢ More government based rural development programs. †¢ Increase in agricultural productivity leading to growth of rural disposable income. Lowering of difference between taste of urban and rural customers. The Indian rural market with its vast size and demand offers great opportunity to marketers. Our nation is classified in around 450 districts amp; approximately 6, 38,000 villages which can be stored in different parameters such as literacy level, accessibility, income levels, distance from nearest town etc. The rural market accounts for half of the tota l market for TV sets, fans pressure cookers, bicycles, washing soap, tea salt amp; tooth powder. In fact, the rural market for FMCG products is growing much faster than the urban market. Explain the distinction between rural market amp; urban market? Ans: Definition:- Rural marketing is similar to simple marketing. Rural marketing differs only in terms of buyers. Here, the target market consists of customers living in rural areas. Thus rural marketing is application of marketing fundamentals {concepts, principles, theories etc} to rural marketers. Rural marketing is a process of developing, pricing, promoting and distributing rural goods and services leading to desired exchange with rural customers to satisfy their needs and wants, and also to achieve organizational objectives. Differences between rural marketing amp; urban marketing:- Although rural marketing offers immense potential, marketers used to recognise the fact that there are considerable differences in many aspects including the nature, characteristics, buying patterns amp; behavior of rural consumers when compared to urban consumers. While the urban economy thrives mainly on secondary and tertiary activities such as manufacturing amp; services, the rural economy is driven mainly by primary activities such as agriculture, fishing amp; forestry. The consumer demand and consumption patterns also differ across rural and urban areas. In many products, rural consumption now accounts for a larger share than the urban market. In washing soaps the rural share is over 60%. In popular bath soaps it is more than 50% and in batteries it is more than 56% and it is the same case with packed tea and hair oils What are the problems of rural marketing? Ans: The problems of rural marketing are continuing in spite of efforts to improve in the 9th five year plan. The position is improving but slowly. The rural marketer has many challenges. But the vast amp; expanding markets call for good marketing strategists to create win-win situations to all parties in the chain of rural marketing. The problems of rural marketing are as follows:- Under-Developed Population Under-Developed market Improper communication facilities Many Languages Vast amp; uneven spread Low Per-Capita income Poor Infrastructure Facilities Seasonal Demand Fewer distribution channel 1. Under-Developed Population:- Rural society is bounded by tradition, old customs and practices. The impact of modern science amp; technology has made very few changes as the old beliefs are still continuing. . Under-Developed Market:- Rural markets are not developing as much as they should owing to inadequate banking amp; credit facilities. Rural market needs banks to enable remittance, to transact on credit basis and to obtain credit support from the bank. At present every 48th village in India has a bank. 3. Poor or Improper Communication Facilities:- Most villages even today largely depend on telegrams and phones for their communication needs. Print media and visual media [Television, cinema, etc] reaches only about 20% of rural Indians. 4. Many languages:- India is a country of many languages. Language becomes a barrier in effective communication in the marketing efforts. The languages vary from state to state, place to place, district to district, etc. There are now 18 scheduled national languages. 5. Vastness amp; unevenly spread:- Rural market consists of approximately 75 crore rural consumers spread across approximately 6,38,365 villages. Despite urban migration, the rural areas still have a sizeable population. 6. Low per capital income:- Most farmers have small lands. This results in low per capita income. And low per capita income results in low consumption pattern as compared to the urban population.

Prohibiton essays

Prohibiton essays Prohibition, which was also known as The Noble Experiment, lasted in America from 1920 until 1933. There are quite a few results of this experiment: innocent people suffered; organized crime grew into an empire; the police, courts, and politicians became increasingly corrupt; disrespect for the law grew; and the per capita consumption of the prohibited substance-alcohol-increased dramatically, year by year. These results increased each of the thirteen years of this Noble Experiment, and they never returned to the levels that existed before 1920. Prohibition did not happen instantly, it settled on the country gradually, community by community, town by town, and eventually state by state for almost a century. The onset of National Prohibition in 1920 was merely the final blow. The first of the laws, such as the one in Virginia in 1619, through New Hampshire's law of 1719 were against drunkenness, not against drinking. The first law that limited liquor sales was implemented because of the religious beliefs of citizens. This particular law was passed in New York in 1697; it ordered that all public drinking establishments be closed on Sunday because, on the Lord's day, people should be worshiping the Bible not the bottle. In 1735, the religious had a prohibition law enacted for the entire state of Georgia. The law was a complete failure and was abandoned in 1742. For the most part, however, during the 1700s and early 1800s, those opposing liquor on religious grounds used sermons and persuasion rather than politics and laws to make their point. These persuasive efforts were known as the Temperance Movement, and its goal was to get everyone to voluntarily temper use of spirits. Maine went completely dry in 1851 and, by 1855, so had New Hampshire, Vermont, Delaware, Michigan, Indiana, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New York Alabama passed a Prohibition law in 1907 which became effective on January 1,...

Spatial Differences of Rich and Poor Neighbourhood in Jeddah, Saudi Essay

Spatial Differences of Rich and Poor Neighbourhood in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia - Essay Example This paper explores the reason for this gap by studying poor and the posh areas in the modern city Jeddah located in the west coast of Saudi Arabia. The study analyzes six different factors based on birth rate, income rate, employment facility, education access, healthcare facilities and the crime rate in two prominent areas of the Jeddah city, the Al-Naeem district and the Al-Sharafiyah district. The paper examines how these various hypotheses affects the living condition of the poor and the rich people in these areas using the data collected through an elaborate survey in both the districts. The outcome of the research states there is relatively little difference between the life style of the rich and the poor. Both have nearly equal access to the education and employment. The chances for the poor people to earn more are slightly less than the rich owing to their rich people’s high education standard. The birth rate in both the poor and the rich families are more or less similar with slight variations in the number of children and the earning elders. But, the prevalence of crime rate is much higher in the poor neighbourhoods than the rich people’s area. Similarly, advanced healthcare facilities are mostly limited to the rich people. Introduction Just like many other Saudi Arabian cities, Jeddah too is mostly deserted. The fast growing city is located on the border of the Red Sea. The Al-Sarawat Mountains serve as a natural fortification for the city in the eastern side. The Gulf of Salman present on the northern side of the city acts as a great port. The cities location makes it a gateway for Mecca and Medina, the Jerusalem of the Islamists. The influx of tourists from international communities was crucial in the development of this multicultural city1. Jeddah is located on Tahoma coastal plain that is about 75 kilometres west of Mecca2. The region earned natural environmental distinction with a wide desert, eroded plateau at the central region, and the weather is dry and hot, although winter brings its cold season3. The climate in the city is usually quite high ranging up to 43 Â °C (109 Â °F) in the summers. Dust storms and bush fires are quite common. Jeddah is situated at the heart of the Middle East. It can be reached easily through flight from any North African and other Middles East country’s capital within a couple of hours. It is a major port of Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is considered as the next major commercial city in Saudi Arabia after Dubai. It is quite westernized and has all the modern facilities suitable for a metropolitan city. Jeddah's major shopping area Tahlia Street features everything from Gucci to Armani products along with their traditional jewelleries. Coined as the bride of the Red Sea, Jeddah stretched in a spatial area of 1,320 km24. Objective of the Study The main objective of the study is to spot out whether there is a significant gap between the life of the rich and the poor in the Saudi Arabia. The study selects the historical city of Jeddah as sample and explores the two districts in it, the economically backward Al-Sharafiyah and the posh Al-Naeem area. The main question considered for research is; How different is the life of the people living the economically ba ckward regions like Al-Sharafiyah different from the ones living in flourishing areas like Al-Naeem. The study compares the various aspects of the life of the poor and the rich through six different hypotheses listed below. Hypothesis 1: The birth rate and the number of family members in the Al-Sharafiyah district influence the fertility of the region. Justification: Al-Naeem has controlled infant birth rate and high earning adult’s rate in each family. On the other hand Al-Sharafiyah has more number of small children and controlled number of bread